【注意事項】
* 生態影響に係る有害性情報更新日が2019年9月以前はRead-acrossデータに○を記載しておらず、被験物質が標記の物質ではない可能性がある。
**各情報源における信頼性評価スコアの定義は下記のとおりである。
生物種 | 学名 | 影響内容 | エンドポイント | 暴露期間(値) | 暴露期間(単位) | 毒性値 | 毒性値(単位) | 毒性値(単位)種別 | 試験中の 被験物質 濃度測定 あり:○ なし:× |
情報源 | 情報源による 信頼性評価** |
著者 | タイトル | 記載誌 | 発行年 | 情報更新日 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
subject type | scientific name | effect | endpoint | exposure duration value |
exposure duration unit |
toxicity value | toxicity unit | toxicity unit type | Read-across* | QSAR | GLP | measurement of the test material |
original work type | original work reliability rank |
author | title | referenced journal | publication year | Information update date |
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 17900 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Physiology | NOEC | 2 | days | 5000000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Anderson,B.G. | The Toxicity Thresholds of Various Sodium Salts Determined by the Use of Daphnia magna | Sewage Works J.18(1): 82-87 | 1946 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 1 | days | 5980000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F. | Cumulative Toxicities of Some Inorganic Salts to Daphnia magna as Determined by Median Tolerance Limits | Proc. La. Acad. Sci.23:77-85 | 1961 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | NOEC | 7 | days | 113000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | NOEC | 7 | days | 113000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 7100 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 358000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 1 | days | 5980000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F., and H.J. Bennett | Toxicity of Selected Chemicals to Certain Animals | J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.37(9): 1308-1316 | 1965 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 4206000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F., and H.J. Bennett | Toxicity of Selected Chemicals to Certain Animals | J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.37(9): 1308-1316 | 1965 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 17900 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Behavior | 2 | days | 60000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Bringmann,G., and R. Kuhn | Comparative Water-Toxicological Investigations on Bacteria, Algae, and Daphnia | TR-TS-002, Literature Research Company, Annandale, VA:26 p. | 1959 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 35900 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 8100000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Meyer,J.S., D.A. Sanchez, J.A. Brookman, D.B. McWhorter, and H.L. Bergman | Chemistry and Aquatic Toxicity of Raw Oil Shale Leachates from Piceance Basin, Colorado | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.4:559-572 | 1985 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 35900 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 113000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 3581000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F. | Cumulative Toxicities of Some Inorganic Salts to Daphnia magna as Determined by Median Tolerance Limits | Proc. La. Acad. Sci.23:77-85 | 1961 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 14100 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | LOEC | 7 | days | 14100 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 7100 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 665000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F., and H.J. Bennett | Toxicity of Selected Chemicals to Certain Animals | J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.37(9): 1308-1316 | 1965 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 374000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 323000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | NOEC | 7 | days | 113000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 374000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | NOEC | 7 | days | 113000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 56500 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Reproduction | NOEC | 7 | days | 358000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Physiology | NOEC | 16 | hours | 8500000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Anderson,B.G. | The Toxicity Thresholds of Various Substances Found in Industrial Wastes as Determined by the Use of Daphnia magna | Sewage Works J.16(6): 1156-1165 | 1944 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 611000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 453000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 3581000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F., and H.J. Bennett | Toxicity of Selected Chemicals to Certain Animals | J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.37(9): 1308-1316 | 1965 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Daphnia magna | Mortality | LC50 | 3 | days | 2125000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F., and H.J. Bennett | Toxicity of Selected Chemicals to Certain Animals | J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.37(9): 1308-1316 | 1965 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
甲殻類 | Ceriodaphnia dubia | Mortality | NOEC | 7 | days | 113000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | NOEC | 30 | days | 58000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 1 | days | 1547000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | NOEC | 32 | days | 157000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | NOEL | 32 | days | 294000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | NOEC | 6 | days | 860000~1132000 | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 1406000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 1278000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 1352000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | NOEL | 30 | days | 121000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka) | Mortality | NOEL | 91.32 | days | 125000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Shimura,R., Y.X. Ma, K. Ijiri, S. Nagaoka, and M. Uchiyama | Nitrate Toxicity on Visceral Organs of Medaka Fish, Oryzias latipes: Aiming to Raise Fish from Egg to Egg in Space | Biol. Sci. Space18(1): 7-12 | 2004 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | No Group Code | EC50 | 4 | days | 522000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | No Group Code | EC50 | 3 | days | 678000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | No Group Code | EC50 | 1 | days | 1483000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | LC50 | 1 | days | 1811000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J., and S.J. Hamilton | Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout | Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.129(2): 408-418 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | NOEC | 11 | days | 358000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | NOEC | 11 | days | 358000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LOEL | 32 | days | 542000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 2000000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Trama,F.B. | The Acute Toxicity of Some Common Salts of Sodium, Potassium and Calcium to the Common Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) | Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia106:185-205 | 1954 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 3200000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Trama,F.B. | The Acute Toxicity of Some Common Salts of Sodium, Potassium and Calcium to the Common Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) | Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia106:185-205 | 1954 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | LC50 | 7 | days | 1062000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Westin,D.T. | Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicity to Salmonoid Fishes | Prog. Fish-Cult.36(2): 86-89 | 1974 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Cyprinus carpio (Carp) | Physiology | 64 | days | 340~1500 | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Lahti,E., M. Harri, and O.V. Lindqvist | Uptake and Distribution of Radioiodine, and the Effect of Ambient Nitrate, in Some Fish Species | Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol.80(3): 337-342 | 1985 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||||
魚類 | Danio rerio (Zebrafish) | Biochemical | LOEC | 3 | days | 7500 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Thienpont,B., A. Tingaud-Sequeira, E. Prats, C. Barata, P.J. Babin, and D. Raldua | Zebrafish Eleutheroembryos Provide a Suitable Vertebrate Model for Screening Chemicals that Impair Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | Environ. Sci. Technol.45(17): 7525-7532 | 2011 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | Mortality | LC50 | 1 | days | 12800000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Dowden,B.F., and H.J. Bennett | Toxicity of Selected Chemicals to Certain Animals | J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.37(9): 1308-1316 | 1965 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LOEC | 7 | days | 1434000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 9000000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Cairns,J.,Jr., and A. Scheier | The Relationship of Bluegill Sunfish Body Size to Tolerance for Some Common Chemicals | In: Proc.13th Ind.Waste Conf.,Series No.95, Eng.Bull.43, Purdue Univ.,IN:243-252 | 1959 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka) | Growth | LOEL | 91.32 | days | 100000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Shimura,R., Y.X. Ma, K. Ijiri, S. Nagaoka, and M. Uchiyama | Nitrate Toxicity on Visceral Organs of Medaka Fish, Oryzias latipes: Aiming to Raise Fish from Egg to Egg in Space | Biol. Sci. Space18(1): 7-12 | 2004 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three-spined stickleback) | Mortality | 10 | days | 300000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Jones,J.R.E. | The Relation Between the Electrolytic Solution Pressures of the Metals and Their Toxicity to the Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) | J. Exp. Biol.16(4): 425-437 | 1939 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | LOEC | 32 | days | 294000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Gasterosteus aculeatus (Three-spined stickleback) | Mortality | 10 | days | 500000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Jones,J.R.E. | The Relation Between the Electrolytic Solution Pressures of the Metals and Their Toxicity to the Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) | J. Exp. Biol.16(4): 425-437 | 1939 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 1355000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Westin,D.T. | Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicity to Salmonoid Fishes | Prog. Fish-Cult.36(2): 86-89 | 1974 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Cyprinus carpio (Carp) | Physiology | 34 | days | 340~11000 | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Lahti,E., M. Harri, and O.V. Lindqvist | Uptake and Distribution of Radioiodine, and the Effect of Ambient Nitrate, in Some Fish Species | Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol.80(3): 337-342 | 1985 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | 32 | days | 215000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 3 | days | 1352000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LOEC | 11 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | days | 1811000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J., and S.J. Hamilton | Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout | Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.129(2): 408-418 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 1607000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | NOEC | 4 | days | 720000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J., and S.J. Hamilton | Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout | Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.129(2): 408-418 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | 30 | days | 84000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | LOEC | 11 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | LOEC | 7 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LOEC | 30 | days | 121000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 1010000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 1658000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J., and S.J. Hamilton | Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout | Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.129(2): 408-418 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | No Group Code | EC50 | 2 | days | 726000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J. | The Relative Toxicity of Waterborne Inorganic Contaminants to the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) in a Water Quality Simulating that in the Rio Grande, New Mexico | Final Rep.to U.S.Fish and Wildl.Serv., Study No.2F33-9620003, U.S.Geol.Surv., Columbia Environ.Res.Ctr., Yankton Field Res.Stn., Yankton, SD:75 p. | 2002 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 15300000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Meyer,J.S., D.A. Sanchez, J.A. Brookman, D.B. McWhorter, and H.L. Bergman | Chemistry and Aquatic Toxicity of Raw Oil Shale Leachates from Piceance Basin, Colorado | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.4:559-572 | 1985 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | 30 | days | 28000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | NOEC | 11 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Biochemical | 1.01 | mM | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Stormer,J., F.B. Jensen, and J.C. Rankin | Uptake of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Bromide in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effects on Ionic Balance | Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.53(9): 1943-1953 | 1996 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | 32 | days | 860000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Growth | NOEC | 7 | days | 358000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 10000000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Cairns,J.,Jr., and A. Scheier | The Relationship of Bluegill Sunfish Body Size to Tolerance for Some Common Chemicals | In: Proc.13th Ind.Waste Conf.,Series No.95, Eng.Bull.43, Purdue Univ.,IN:243-252 | 1959 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Physiology | 43 | days | 410~1500 | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Lahti,E., M. Harri, and O.V. Lindqvist | Uptake and Distribution of Radioiodine, and the Effect of Ambient Nitrate, in Some Fish Species | Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol.80(3): 337-342 | 1985 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | NOEC | 7 | days | 717000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Biochemical | 1.01 | mM | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Stormer,J., F.B. Jensen, and J.C. Rankin | Uptake of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Bromide in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effects on Ionic Balance | Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.53(9): 1943-1953 | 1996 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Biochemical | 1.01 | mM | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Stormer,J., F.B. Jensen, and J.C. Rankin | Uptake of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Bromide in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effects on Ionic Balance | Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.53(9): 1943-1953 | 1996 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Accumulation | 1.01 | mM | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Stormer,J., F.B. Jensen, and J.C. Rankin | Uptake of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Bromide in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effects on Ionic Balance | Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.53(9): 1943-1953 | 1996 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | 30 | days | 439000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Adelman,I.R., L.I. Kusilek, J. Koehle, and J. Hess | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to the Endangered Topeka Shiner (Notropis topeka) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.28(10): 2216-2223 | 2009 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) | Mortality | 7 | days | 1434000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Scott,G., and R.L. Crunkilton | Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nitrate to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna | Environ. Toxicol. Chem.19(12): 2918-2922 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | |||||||
魚類 | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | days | 9400000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Cairns,J.,Jr., and A. Scheier | The Relationship of Bluegill Sunfish Body Size to Tolerance for Some Common Chemicals | In: Proc.13th Ind.Waste Conf.,Series No.95, Eng.Bull.43, Purdue Univ.,IN:243-252 | 1959 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Mortality | LC50 | 3 | days | 1658000 | μg/L | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Buhl,K.J., and S.J. Hamilton | Acute Toxicity of Fire-Control Chemicals, Nitrogenous Chemicals, and Surfactants to Rainbow Trout | Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.129(2): 408-418 | 2000 | 2016/03/25 | ||||||
魚類 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | Physiology | 1.01 | mM | 16 US EPA AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) | Stormer,J., F.B. Jensen, and J.C. Rankin | Uptake of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Bromide in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Effects on Ionic Balance | Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.53(9): 1943-1953 | 1996 | 2016/03/25 |